Vocabulary

100. Fingerprinting 101. Genetic engineering 102. Mutation ||  ||
 * # Cell
 * 1) Organelle
 * 2) Prokaryote
 * 3) Eukaryote
 * 4) Cell Theory
 * 5) DNA
 * 6) Domain Archaea
 * 7) Domain Bacteria
 * 8) Domain Eukarya
 * 9) Extremophiles
 * 10) Multicellular
 * 11) Unicellular
 * 12) Nucleus
 * 13) Nucleolus
 * 14) Cell membrane
 * 15) Phospholipids (Hydrophobic tails, Hydrophilic heads)
 * 16) Lipids
 * 17) Cytoskeleton
 * 18) Cytoplasm
 * 19) Ribosome
 * 20) Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
 * 21) Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
 * 22) Mitochondria
 * 23) ATP
 * 24) Chloroplasts
 * 25) Cell Wall
 * 26) Golgi Complex
 * 27) Vesicle
 * 28) Lysosomes
 * 29) Large Central Vacuole
 * 30) Tissue
 * 31) Organ
 * 32) Organ system
 * 33) Organism
 * 34) Structure
 * 35) Function
 * 36) Diffusion
 * 37) Osmosis
 * 38) Passive transport
 * 39) Active transport
 * 40) Endocytosis
 * 41) Exocytosis
 * 42) Semi permeable
 * 43) Photosynthesis
 * 44) Cellular respiration
 * 45) Fermentation
 * 46) Chlorophyll
 * 47) Glucose
 * 48) Equation for photosynthesis
 * 49) Equation for cellular respiration
 * 50) Cell cycle
 * 51) Chromosome
 * 52) Homologous chromosomes
 * 53) Mitosis
 * 54) Binary fission
 * 55) Chromotids
 * 56) Centromere
 * 57) Chromatin
 * 58) Interphase
 * 59) Prophase
 * 60) Metaphase
 * 61) Anaphase
 * 62) Telophase
 * 63) Cytokinesis
 * 64) Cell plate
 * 65) Heredity
 * 66) Trait
 * 67) Dominant trait
 * 68) Recessive trait
 * 69) Self pollinating
 * 70) Cross pollination
 * 71) Parent generation
 * 72) First generation
 * 73) Gregor Mendel
 * 74) Gene
 * 75) Allele
 * 76) Phenotype
 * 77) Genotype
 * 78) Probability
 * 79) Punnett square
 * 80) Homozygous
 * 81) Heterozygous
 * 82) Incomplete dominance
 * 83) Meiosis
 * 84) Sex linked disorders
 * 85) X chromosomes
 * 86) Y chromosomes
 * 87) Pedigree
 * 88) Nucleotides
 * 89) RNA
 * 90) Adenine
 * 91) Guanine
 * 92) Thymine
 * 93) Cytosine
 * 94) Watson and Crick
 * 95) Chargaff
 * 96) Double helix
 * 97) Micropipette
 * 98) Gel electrophoresis

__**8th Grade List Introduction to Matter**__ 10.Malleability 11.Solubility 12.Conductivity 13.Chemical properties 14.Flammability 15.Reactivity with oxygen 16.Physical change 17.Chemical change 18.Identity of an object 19.Amorphous 20.Crystalline 21.Solid 22.Liquid 23.Gas 24.Pressure 25.Temperature 26.Boyle’s Law 27.Charles’s Law 28.Endothermic 29.Exothermic 30.Freezing point 31.Melting point 32.Boiling point 33.Evaporation point 34.Condensation point 35.Sublimation 36.Freezing 37.Melting 38.Boiling 39.Evaporation 40.Condensation 41.Elements 42.Pure substance 43.Metal 44.Nonmetal 45.Metalloid 46.Atomic mass unit 47.Compound 48.Mixture 49.Solution 50.Solute 51.Solvent 52.Concentration 53.Suspension 54.Colloid 55.Diluted 56.Atom 57.Electrons 58.Protons 59.Neutron 60.Mass number 61.Isotope 62.Gravitational force 63.Electromagnetic force 64.Strong force 65.Weak force 66.Periodic table 67.Alkali metals 68.Alkaline earth metals 69.Transition metals 70.Lanthanides 71.Actinides 72.Boron group 73.Carbon group 74.Nitrogen group 75.Oxygen group 76.Halogens 77.Noble gases 78.Hydrogen
 * 1) Matter-anything that has mass and takes up space
 * 2) Volume-
 * 3) Mass
 * 4) Weight
 * 5) Inertia
 * 6) Meniscus
 * 7) Physical properties
 * 8) State of matter
 * 9) Density
 * 1) Scientific knowledge- what we know to be true about the natural world
 * 2) Fact- true information supported by opinions. True or valid information
 * 3) Opinion- a thought, belief or judgment that is not proven by observations, it may vary from person to person
 * 4) Scientific theory- an idea or model used to explain known facts and predict new ones
 * 5) Scientific inquiry- the process by which scientists ask and seek answers to their questions about the natural world
 * 6) Scientific question- a question that is precise and can be answered through observation, measurement, testing, or analysis of research
 * 7) Observation-information gathered with the senses of sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste
 * 8) Hypothesis- a possible answer or a tentative explanation to a scientific question
 * 9) Scientific investigation- the procedure by which scientists seek answers to their questions and test the validity
 * 10) Experiment- a procedure designed to test a hypothesis
 * 11) Scientific method- a series of steps that scientists use as a guide for answering a question or solving a problem
 * 12) Computer- a programmable device that is capable of storing data or executing commands; an instrument used to organize data, perform calculations, and make graphs
 * 13) Robot- a mechanical device that automatically does the job for which it is designed
 * 14) Bionics-the use of human-made devices to replace body parts or organs
 * 15) Technology- the application of science to everyday life
 * 16) Benefit-a way that a new development in science or technology meets the needs of society
 * 17) Risk- how a new development in science or technology might negatively affect the environment or create unsafe conditions for people
 * 18) Risk-benefit analysis- the process of weighing the potential harm a development in science or technology may cause against its benefits
 * 19) Ratio-a statement that compares two different numbers 2:5
 * 20) Density- the amount of mass in every given volume of matter; or the ration of mass to volume
 * 21) Speed- the distance and objects travels per unit of time
 * 22) Rate- a ration that compares the change in two different quantities
 * 23) Population- all the organisms of the same species that inhabit a specific ecosystem
 * 24) Population size-the total number individual organisms of a species in an ecosystem
 * 25) Population density-the number of individuals of a species within a given area
 * 26) Controlled experiment- an experiment in which only one factor or variable is being tested at a time
 * 27) Variable- something that may change in an experiment
 * 28) Independent variable- a variable that is changed or manipulated by the experimenter
 * 29) Dependent variable- the result you get in an experiment from changing the independent variable
 * 30) Control group-the subjects of an experiment for which the independent variable is not changed
 * 31) Experimental group- subjects of an experiment that experience a change in the independent variable
 * 32) Data- any information collected through scientific research
 * 33) Conclusion- an interpretation based on research, experience, and data
 * 34) Microscope- an instrument used to magnify small objects that could ordinarily not be seen
 * 35) Ruler- an instrument used for measuring length or distance
 * 36) Thermometer- an instrument used to measure the temperature of matter
 * 37) Graduated cylinder- an instrument used to measure volume
 * 38) Beaker- an instrument used to measure volume
 * 39) Pan balance- an instrument used to measure mass
 * 40) Spring scale- an instrument used to measure weight
 * 41) Stopwatch- an instrument used to measure time
 * 42) Hand lens- an instrument used to magnify small objects
 * 43) Binoculars- an instrument used to reveal the details of far away objects
 * 44) Telescope- an instrument used to reveal the details of far away objects
 * 45) Calculator- an instrument used for calculation
 * 46) System- a collection of things or parts that interact with each other to function as a whole
 * 47) Output- any information that comes out of a system
 * 48) Input- any information that comes into a system
 * 49) Process- a series of actions that occur within a system
 * 50) Feedback- the information about a system’s operation that is introduced back into the system
 * 51) Open loop system- a system that does not have feedback and cannot modify itself
 * 52) Closed loop system- a system that has feedback and can modify itself
 * 53) Cycle- a system in which something happens over and over
 * 54) Water cycle- the continuous cycling of water among Earth’s water bodies, atmosphere, and land
 * 55) Subsystem- a smaller system that is part of a larger system
 * 56) Model-a representation of something that can be used to show or explain how it functions
 * 57) Diagram- a two-dimensional model
 * 58) DNA- a chemical that makes up the genetic material of every living organism
 * 59) Computer simulation- an interactive model displayed on a computer
 * 60) Pattern- a thing or process that repeats itself
 * 61) Crystal- a solid structure made up of a repeating pattern of atoms
 * 62) Phases- the lunar phase is a pattern of the 28-day cycle of the moon
 * 63) Cycle- a system in which something happens over and over
 * 64) Prediction- a statement, or guess, what might happen in the future based on patterns and experience
 * 65) Cell- the basic unit of structure and function in an organism
 * 66) Growth- the process of becoming larger
 * 67) Development- a process of change, such as from a human baby, to an adolescent, to an adult
 * 68) Stimulus- anything that causes a response
 * 69) Evolution- the change in a species over time
 * 70) Unicellular organism- a living thing made up of one cell
 * 71) Multicellular organism- a living organism made up of more than one cel**l**
 * 72) Adaptation-a characteristic of an organism that promotes its survival in a certain environment
 * 73) Natural selection- the process whereby organisms that are the best suited to a particular environment survive and thrive
 * 74) Extinction- the permanent dying out of a species or larger classification of organisms
 * 75) Variations- the differences that exist naturally among the members of a species
 * 76) Genetics- the field of biology that investigates how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring
 * 77) Heredity- the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
 * 78) P1 generation- the parental generation
 * 79) F1 generation- the first generation of offspring
 * 80) Dominant trait- a trait that overrides or dominates another trait for the same characteristic
 * 81) Recessive trait- a trait that has been overridden or dominated by another trait for the same characteristic
 * 82) Ecosystem- all organisms in an area as well as their relationships with each other and with the nonliving materials in the environment
 * 83) Abiotic factors- the nonliving material in an environment
 * 84) Biotic factors- the organisms in an environment
 * 85) Competition-an interaction that occurs when organisms sharing an ecosystem compete with each other for recourses
 * 86) Predator- an organism that kills and eats other organisms
 * 87) Prey- an organism that a predator kills and eats
 * 88) Symbiosis- a relationship between t organisms in which at least one of them benefits
 * 89) Mutualism- a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from interaction
 * 90) Commensalism- a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other benefits nor is harmed
 * 91) Parasitism- a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed
 * 92) Parasite- an organism that lives on or in another organism
 * 93) Host- the organ ism that is affected by the parasite
 * 94) Biome- a region that contains similar ecosystems and is characterized by certain climatic conditions
 * 95) Wetland-an area of land that remains wet for all or part of the year
 * 96) Population- all the organisms of the same species that inhabit a specific ecosystem
 * 97) Population size-the total number individual organisms of a species in an ecosystem
 * 98) Population density-the number of individuals of a species within a given area
 * 99) Limiting factor- something in the ecosystem that keeps that keeps a population form getting to large
 * 100) Carrying capacity- the number of individuals an ecosystem can support
 * 101) Succession- the change to an ecosystem after a disturbance like a natural disaster
 * 102) Primary succession- the change to an ecosystem that takes place after an ecosystem is completely destroyed
 * 103) Secondary succession-the change to an ecosystem that occurs after an ecosystem is disturbed but not destroyed
 * 104) Natural resource- a product of the environment that is used by humans or other organisms
 * 105) Renewable resource- a resource that can be renewed or replaced through natural processes
 * 106) Nonrenewable resource- a resource that cannot be replaced by natural-by-natural processes at least as fast as it is used
 * 107) Fossil fuels- an energy source that formed over millions of years from the decaying remains of ancient plants and animals
 * 108) Conservation- the wise use of natural resources
 * 109) Sustainable development- a practice that involves using resources to meet the needs in a way that does not destroy or deplete the resources for future generations
 * 110) Desertification-the process of turning productive land into deserts
 * 111) Deforestation- the clearing away of forests
 * 112) Overfishing- harvesting of fish at a rate faster than the population can renew its numbers
 * 113) Pollutant-a harmful material that is released into the environment
 * 114) Property- any characteristic that cans that can be used to identify and describe matter
 * 115) Physical property- a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity the identity of the substance
 * 116) Chemical property- a characteristic that describes how the matter will change under certain conditions
 * 117) Element- a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by ordinary chemical means
 * 118) Compound- a type of matter that forms when two or more elements combine chemically
 * 119) Reactant- a substance that takes part in a chemical reaction
 * 120) Product- a substance formed during a chemical reaction
 * 121) Mixture- the type of matter that forms when two or more substances are combined but do not join together chemically
 * 122) Metal- is an element that is a good conductor of electricity and heat
 * 123) Magnetism- a force of attraction or repulsion that exists between like or unlike poles
 * 124) Electric conductivity- a measure of the ability of a substance to allow an electric current to pass through it
 * 125) Conductor- material or substance that allows an electric current to flow through it easily
 * 126) Insulator- materials that do not allow electricity to flow through them easily
 * 127) Semiconductor- material that has conductive properties that lies between conductors and insulators
 * 128) Thermal conductivity- measure of the ability of a substance to conduct heat
 * 129) Density- ratio of mass to volume
 * 130) Solubility- a measure of how much of a substance dissolves in a given amount of another substance in its liquid form
 * 131) Freezing point- (and melting point)- is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid or a solid to a liquid
 * 132) Boiling point- (or condensation)- is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas or a liquid to a gas
 * 133) Energy- the ability to do work
 * 134) Work- is the product of a force applied to an object and the distance through which force is applied- work= force x distance
 * 135) Kinetic energy- is energy due to the motion of an object ½ x mass x velocity^2
 * 136) Potential energy-is the energy an object has because of its position or composition. Stored energy.
 * 137) Friction- a force that opposes the motion of an object
 * 138) Nonrenewable energy source- a natural energy supply that cannot be replaced as quickly as it is used
 * 139) Renewable energy source- a natural energy supply that is replaced as quickly as it is used or is inexhaustible
 * 140) Fossil fuel- an energy source that formed over millions of years from the decaying remains of ancient plants and animals
 * 141) Coal- a solid fossil fuel that formed from decaying plant material
 * 142) Petroleum- a liquid fossil fuel known as crude oil
 * 143) Natural gas- a gaseous fossil fuel
 * 144) Solar energy-the energy in the form of electromagnetic waves from the sun
 * 145) Wind energy- the energy obtained from moving air
 * 146) Hydroelectric energy- the energy obtained from the kinetic energy of water that flows through a dam
 * 147) Biomass- any organic material that can be used as an energy source
 * 148) Tidal energy- the energy obtained by harnessing the kinetic energy of the rise and fall of the ocean tides
 * 149) Geothermal energy- the heat energy from within Earth that can be used to heat buildings and produce electricity
 * 150) Force- a push or pull that acts on an object
 * 151) Contact force- a force that involves a physical connection with an object
 * 152) Friction- a contact force that opposes the motion of an object
 * 153) Noncontact force- a force that does not require physical contact with an object
 * 154) Buoyancy- the force that helps objects float in water
 * 155) Tension- a force that pulls or stretches something
 * 156) Magnetic force- the force created by a magnet
 * 157) Electrical force- the force created by electricity
 * 158) Gravity- a weak, long-range, attractive force that acts between objects
 * 159) Speed- the distance an object travels per unit of time
 * 160) Rock- a naturally occurring substance that is made of one or more minerals
 * 161) Igneous rock- the rock that forms when molten rock cools and hardens
 * 162) Weathering- the process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces
 * 163) Sediment- small pieces of weathered rock
 * 164) Sedimentary rock- the rock that forms from layers of sediment that are compacted and cemented together
 * 165) Metamorphic rock- the rock that forms when intense heat and pressure inside Earth chemically change existing rock
 * 166) Magma- melted rock below the surface
 * 167) Erosion- the process of picking up and moving sediment
 * 168) Deposition- the process of drops, deposits, erodes sediment
 * 169) Volcano- an opening in the crust of Earth through which melted rock and gases are released
 * 170) Lava- melted rock that is located on the Earths surface
 * 171) Earthquakes- the shaking of the Earth’s surface that occurs when energy is released quickly
 * 172) Plates- the moving pieces of the Earth’s crust
 * 173) Fault- a break, or crack, in the Earth’s surface along which movement has occurred
 * 174) Uplift- the folding of rock upward due to stress between converging plates
 * 175) Landslide- the rapid movement of sediment downhill
 * 176) Pollution- the addition of harmful substances to the land, water, or air
 * 177) Biodegradable- able to be naturally broken down into harmless substances
 * 178) Point source pollution- pollution that comes from a single identifiable site
 * 179) Nonpoint source pollution- pollution that comes from many places or a source that is not easily identified
 * 180) Ozone depletion- the thinning of the ozone layer; attributed as an effect of pollution
 * 181) Greenhouse effect- the trapping of heat by certain gases in the atmosphere
 * 182) Glacier- a mass of ice and snow that moves slowly over Earth’s surface
 * 183) Groundwater- water located below the Earth’s surface
 * 184) Infiltration- the movement of water into the ground through pen spaces in soil and rocks
 * 185) Aquifer- a rock or sediment layer that holds water and allows water to flow through it
 * 186) Run-off- water that flows over Earth’s surface
 * 187) River- a large flowing stream of water that fed by other, smaller streams
 * 188) Tributary- a smaller stream that flows into a larger system
 * 189) Watershed- an area of land drained by a river system
 * 190) Lake- a low area of land where surface water accumulates
 * 191) Wetland- an area of land that remains wet for most or all of the year
 * 192) Water cycle- the continuous cycle of water among Earth’s water bodies, atmosphere, and land
 * 193) Evaporation- the process by which water changes from liquid to gas
 * 194) Transpiration- the process by which water evaporates through openings in a plant
 * 195) Condensation- the process by which water loses heat energy and changes form gas to a liquid
 * 196) Precipitation- water that falls from the atmosphere to the ground in such forms as rain, snow, sleet, and hail
 * 197) Weather- the condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place
 * 198) Humidity- the amount of water vapor in the air
 * 199) Temperature- how hot or cold something is
 * 200) Meteorologist- a scientist who studies the earth’s atmosphere
 * 201) Thermometer- an instrument used to measure the temperature of matter
 * 202) Air pressure-the pressure a column of air above a certain location exerts on the earth’s surface
 * 203) Barometer- an instrument used to measure air pressure
 * 204) Wind- moving air
 * 205) Sea breeze – a local wind that blows from a ocean or lake
 * 206) Land breeze- a local wind that blows from land out toward and ocean or lake
 * 207) Climate- the average weather conditions of an area over a very long period of time
 * 208) Solar system- consists of a sun, planets and other celestial bodies that revolve around the sun
 * 209) Sun- is a star that accounts for 99.8% of the total mass in our solar system
 * 210) Heliocentric- sun centered
 * 211) Astronomer- scientists who study the universe
 * 212) Inner planets- mercury, Venus, earth and mars
 * 213) Outer planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
 * 214) Moon- bodies in the solar system that orbit planets
 * 215) Asteroid- small pieces of space rock that revolve around the sun
 * 216) Comet- collections of ice, dust, and small gritty particles that revolve around the sun
 * 217) Meteoroids- pieces of rock or dust that come from asteroids or comets
 * 218) Meteor-streaks of light caused from meteoroids
 * 219) Revolution- one full movement around the sun
 * 220) Rotation- one full spin on the earths axis, takes a full 24-hour period
 * 221) Orbit- The path an object takes around the sun or a planet
 * 222) Phases- different shapes of the moon